Acupuncture improves blood–brain barrier integrity through multi-targeted mechanisms: a preclinical meta-analysis
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study is to assess the impact of acupuncture regarding Blood–Brain barrier (BBB) permeability and provide a data foundation for clinical practice. Methods A database search was carried out in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to collect controlled animal experiments that investigated the impact of acupuncture on BBB permeability. BBB permeability was primarily assessed by indicators such as Evans Blue (EB) extravasation. The SYRCLE risk-of-bias tool was utilized to assess the quality of the comprised studies, and statistical software was employed for data evaluation. For continuous outcomes, a random-effects model was used to calculate pooled standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), and heterogeneity was quantified using the I2 statistic. Results Thirty-two papers were incorporated. Outcomes from the meta-analysis showed that acupuncture significantly reduced the EB leakage in brain tissue (SMD = −0.65, 95% CI [−0.94, −0.37], p < 0.001), indicating its effectiveness in improving BBB permeability. Additionally, acupuncture upregulated the levels of occludin, claudin-5, and ZO-1, inhibited the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), reduced the amounts of glial activation markers (Iba-1, GFAP) and inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), and regulated the levels of aquaporin-4 (AQP4). Conclusion acupuncture may improve BBB integrity by means of multiple mechanisms, including the…
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Evidence Hub reads this as a meta-analysis. Its evidence level is 1 of 5 (Highest · pooled evidence). Pooled evidence from several studies sits at the top of the evidence pyramid.
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