A Comparative Review Of In-Silico ADME And Toxicity Analysis Of Metformin And Bioactive Compounds From Momordica Charantia
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from impaired insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Metformin remains the first-line oral antidiabetic drug due to its efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness. However, the growing interest in plant-based therapeutics has encouraged the exploration of medicinal plants such as Momordica charantia (bitter melon), which possesses significant antidiabetic properties. In-silico ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion) and toxicity studies provide a rapid and cost-effective approach for evaluating the pharmacokinetic and safety profiles of bioactive compounds before experimental investigations.This review compares the ADME and toxicity characteristics of metformin with major phytoconstituents of M. charantia, including charantin, momordicoside, vicine, gallic acid, and quercetin. The analysis focuses on drug-likeness, oral bioavailability, gastrointestinal absorption, blood-brain barrier permeability, cytochrome P450 interactions, and toxicity parameters. The findings suggest that several phytoconstituents exhibit promising pharmacokinetic properties and acceptable safety profiles, indicating their potential as complementary or alternative antidiabetic agents. Further experimental validation is necessary to confirm their therapeutic applicability.
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