Omeprazole exacerbates intervertebral disc degeneration through Caspase-3 mediated apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells: a Mendelian randomization, network toxicology, and in vitro experimental study
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the causal correlation and toxicological mechanisms of omeprazole in intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), alongside a particular emphasis on Caspase-3 (CASP3) mediated apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs).
METHODS: Mendelian randomization (MR): GWAS data was employed to assess causal associations between proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and IVDD. Network toxicology: Shared omeprazole-IVDD targets were identified using STRING, SwissTargetPrediction, and GeneCards databases. Functional enrichment analysis: Biological pathways were explored by employing Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Molecular docking: Omeprazole-CASP3 binding affinity was assessed by employing AutoDock Vina. Experimental validation: Rat NPCs were subjected to CCK-8 assay viability, flow cytometry apoptosis, Western blot, and immunofluorescence.
RESULTS: MR analysis suggested omeprazole substantially augmented IVDD risk (OR = 1.058, 95% CI = 1.004-1.115, P = 0.034), with no association observed for esomeprazole or lansoprazole. Network toxicology identified 11 overlapping targets, with CASP3 as the hub gene. Molecular docking revealed strong omeprazole-CASP3 binding (free energy: - 6.725 kcal/mol) via hydrogen bonds, π-π stacking, and π-S interactions. Enrichment analysis highlighted the response to reactive oxygen species, caveolae, endopeptidase activity, and IL-17 signaling pathway as key pathways. As revealed by in vitro experiments,…
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