Assessment of amoxicillin adsorption using activated carbon derived from calamansi lime peel: Evaluating F-test results for linearized and non-linearized models
Abstract
Calamansi lime peel activated carbon (CLPAC) was applied for AMOX removal from aqueous solution. CLPAC was produced via microwave–CO₂ activation and exhibited a BET surface area (BET-SA) of 825.45 m²/g and mesopore surface area (MESO-SA) of 594.52 m²/g. Maximum AMOX removal occurred at 60 °C and pH 7. F-tests were conducted to compare the variances of linearized (L-E) and non-linear (NL-E) isotherm and kinetic models. The L-E Langmuir model provided the best isotherm fit, while the NL-E pseudo-second-order (PSO) and Elovich models provided the best kinetic fits. The Langmuir adsorption capacity (Q m ) was 19.72 mg/g (L-E) and 19.61 mg/g (NL-E). The Boyd model indicated film diffusion as the rate-limiting step . The statistical evaluation showed RMSE values ranging from 0.31 to 0.47 mg/g for the isotherm models and 0.24–3.31 mg/g for the kinetic models. F-test analysis indicated that no statistically significant differences were observed between the L-E and NL-E approaches for the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and PFO models (F-value = 1.23, 1.23, 1.00, and 1.18, respectively; p-value > 0.05), whereas a statistically significant difference was observed for the PSO and Elovich models (F-value = 10.33 and 8596.78, respectively; p-value = 0.01 and 7.92 × 10⁻¹⁰, respectively). The novelty of this study lies in applying microwave–CO₂ activated calamansi lime peel carbon for AMOX removal, supported by integrated FTIR, XPS, and zeta-potential analyses to elucidate the adsorption…
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