Editorial: Security, governance, and challenges of the new generation of cyber-physical-social systems, Volume II
Abstract
With the widespread adoption of smart devices and rapid growth in computing power, traditional Internet of Things (IoT) and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) are evolving toward greater intelligence. As human behaviour becomes increasingly integrated with physical systems and digital networks, cyber-physical-social systems (CPSSs) have emerged as a foundation for modern intelligent societies. Unlike earlier systems reliant on basic sensing and control, CPSSs are driven by Artificial Intelligence (AI), enabling seamless integration of physical devices, digital platforms, and human activity. This allows for autonomous learning, real-time computation, and efficient coordination. From the dynamic regulation of smart grids to precise control in aerospace, to intelligent transportation and national defense, CPSSs have become an indispensable cornerstone supporting a nation's critical infrastructure.In the novel CPSS architecture, human-machine intelligence is tightly integrated, and crossdomain systems are highly interconnected. Massive multi-source data act as the system's backbone, linking physical perception and social behaviour with AI decision-making to form a closed loop from data collection to execution. However, this openness, heterogeneity, and reliance on sensitive data make CPSS security highly vulnerable. With the growing use of intelligent algorithms, threats have expended beyond a single information layer, evolving into cross-modal, concealed and intelligent forms. This…
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