Evaluation of minimum inhibitory concentration and multi-drug resistance profile of Salmonella isolated from layer poultry farms in kaski district, Nepal
Abstract
Salmonella species are the most prevalent bacterial pathogens infecting poultry. Antibiotics are administered as growth promoters or as a treatment in poultry, raising the prospect of antibiotic resistance. There are very few baseline quantitative studies on antibiotic minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against Salmonella of poultry origin. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the MIC and multidrug resistance (MDR) profile of Salmonella isolated from poultry farms in the Kaski district of Nepal. Laboratory analysis was conducted to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations of nineteen different antibiotic molecules from various classes against Salmonella spp. isolated from poultry feces. The bacteria were identified using standard protocols and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction for the invA gene. Positively confirmed isolates were subjected to a MIC evaluation assay using the E-test protocol with Ezy MIC Strips following EUCAST guidelines and interpreted accordingly. Out of 610 samples collected, screening using the invA gene for Salmonella confirmed 48 isolates as Salmonella spp., with an overall farm prevalence of 34.43% (n = 61) and a sample-level prevalence of 7.8%. Salmonella spp. displayed the highest resistance to colistin (100%), ciprofloxacin (88%), norfloxacin (72%), ceftriaxone (72%), amoxicillin (77%), ampicillin (66%), erythromycin (66%), cefotaxime (66%), tetracycline (66%), doxycycline (55%), and chloramphenicol (55%). However, amikacin showed…
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