Combating multidrug-resistant pathogens, breast cancer (MCF-7) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) using biofabricated zinc oxide nanoparticles
Abstract
The escalating global burden of multidrug-resistant (MDR) infections and cancer necessitates the development of sustainable and multifunctional therapeutic strategies. Green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have emerged as promising nanomaterials owing to their unique physicochemical properties, broad-spectrum bioactivity, and environmentally friendly production routes. In this study, ZnONPs were biosynthesized using Citrus sinensis (orange) peel waste extract as a renewable reducing and stabilizing agent. The biosynthesized nanoparticles were comprehensively characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, DLS, zeta potential analysis, SEM, TEM, HR-TEM, and SAED. Their antimicrobial, Time-kill kinetics, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and anticancer activities were systematically evaluated against clinically relevant MDR pathogens and human cancer cell lines. The biosynthesized ZnONPs exhibited an absorption peak at 368 nm, a mean hydrodynamic size of 32.45 nm, low polydispersity (0.186), and a zeta potential of - 36.4 mV, confirming excellent colloidal stability and highly crystalline hexagonal wurtzite nanostructures. ZnONPs demonstrated broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, with MIC and MBC/MFC values ranging from 120 to 512 and 240 to 1024 µg/mL, respectively. Time-kill assays revealed concentration- and time-dependent antimicrobial effects, achieving complete microbial eradication at 4MIC within 8-12 h, while C. albicans remained the least susceptible species.…
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