The evidence landscape for direct-from-urine antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) for urinary tract infection (UTI): a scoping review
Abstract
Background: Antimicrobial susceptibility tests (AST) are vital to guide antibiotic selection to treat bacterial infections, including urinary tract infections (UTI). Current laboratory AST takes at least 2 days. Direct testing of urine samples could speed up testing, with rapid reporting aiding timely treatment.
Method: A scoping review was conducted to identify studies assessing the accuracy of direct-from-urine AST, and map the breadth of evidence. Studies that measured overall categorical agreement (CA) compared to a reference method were selected, and the reported accuracy, the type of AST method and study methodology assessed.
Results: In total, 33 studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria (1976-2024). These reported overall CA for direct-from-urine AST ranging from 78.7% to 100% compared to a reference method. These studies varied in the AST method used; in urine sample collection, origin and processing; in the antibiotics evaluated; in study design and data analysis. The most common AST method evaluated was direct-from-urine disc diffusion. Most studies reported accuracy only for samples containing a single Gram-negative organism.
Conclusion: Although increasing numbers of studies report the accuracy of direct-from-urine AST, heterogeneity prevented systematic comparison of methods or detailed meta-analysis. Many studies reported overall accuracy >90% CA for urine samples containing a single Gram-negative organism across several direct-from-urine AST…
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