Literature on Antibiotic Resistance in Urinary Tract Infections in Case of Pregnancy and HIV
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) among pregnant women can lead to adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) results in increased likelihood of opportunistic infections, including UTI. Antimicrobial resistance may contribute to persistence of UTI and, this may differ accordingly to age of the pregnancy, types of UTI and HIV clinical stages. Anatomical and physiological characteristics make UTIs particularly prevalent among women, especially those who are pregnant. These infections, whether they exhibit symptoms or not, pose significant risks to expecting mothers and their offspring. Furthermore, the risk of a UTI returning post-treatment adds a layer of complexity to its care. While there is a wide array of antimicrobial drugs availablefor treating infections, it is a matter of concern that antimicrobial resistance rapidly emerges followingthe approval of new drugs for clinical use. These, directly concerns the World Health Organization (WHO) to initiate a Global Action Plan in order to correctly address the problem of antimicrobial resistance in 2015. The current literature highlights the main bacteria found in UTIs, various family of antibiotic used in case of UTIs, reasons behind antibiotic resistance and the mechanisms of bacterial resistance.
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