Dual anti-pseudomonal and resistance-modulatory actions of Sida acuta (Malvaceae) via BamB-OprM targeting: insights from integrated metabolomics, computational, and in vitro analyses
Abstract
Context: The growing multidrug resistance (MDR) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa presents a pressing global health challenge and demands novel solutions. Medicinal plants offer a largely untapped reservoir of structurally diverse compounds with promising antibacterial and adjuvant potential.
Objective: This study investigated Sida acuta Burm.f. (Malvaceae) as a reservoir of dual-target phytochemicals capable of modulating resistance.
Materials and methods: An integrated workflow combining LC/Q-TOF-MS metabolomic profiling, molecular docking (MD), dynamics simulations (MDS), and microbiological assays was applied to the ethyl acetate fraction of the aerial parts (SAAP-EA).
Results: Metabolomic analysis identified 35 compounds, including biochanin A (BCA), resveratrol (RSV), methyl gallate (MG), 3-hydroxycinnamic acid (3-HCA), and azelaic acid (AZA), with favorable drug-likeness. Their toxicity predictions indicated low risks of acute toxicity (LD50 >900 mg/kg), mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity, but flagged a potential nephrotoxicity risk requiring further investigation. MD and MDS revealed stable RSV and BCA binding to both BamB (outer membrane biogenesis) and OprM (efflux), while 3-HCA and AZA preferentially targeted OprM with higher affinities than reference inhibitors. Hydrogen-bonding supported specificity and complex stability. Experimentally, SAAP-EA showed potent bactericidal activity against clinical MDR P. aeruginosa (MIC 32-256 µg/mL) and synergized with β-lactams,…
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