L-shaped nonlinear relationship between magnesium intake from diet and supplements and the risk of diabetic nephropathy: a cross-sectional study
Abstract
Background and objectives Given the ongoing controversy regarding the relationship between magnesium and diabetic nephropathy (DN), this study systematically evaluate the association between total magnesium intake from both dietary and supplemental sources and the risk of DN, and further explore its potential nonlinear dose–response pattern and threshold effect. Methods Data were from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2018. A multi-step analytical strategy was adopted: (1) confounders were selected using variance inflation factor and Boruta feature selection algorithm; (2) weighted multivariable logistic regression assessed the association between magnesium intake and DN; (3) restricted cubic splines (RCS), generalized additive models (GAM), and curve fitting were used to evaluate nonlinear dose–response trends; (4) piecewise regression identified potential thresholds; (5) subgroup analyses examined interactions across age, gender, BMI, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Results A total of 3,355 participants were included (DN group: n = 1,295; non-DN group: n = 2,060). The magnesium intake among DN patients was significantly lower than that of non-DN patients [300 ± 171 mg/day vs. 329 ± 161 mg/day, p < 0.001]. After adjusting for confounders, each standard deviation (SD) increase in magnesium intake was associated with a 19% reduction in DN risk (OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.73–0.89). Compared with the lowest quartile of magnesium intake (Q1), the…
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