Temporal Changes in Micronutrient Intake Among U.S. Adults, NHANES 2003 through 2018: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Changes in the U.S. food supply and food choices make examination of temporal changes in micronutrient intake and their effect on meeting nutrient recommendations necessary.
OBJECTIVES
Examine 15-year trends of the contribution of foods and beverages (FB) and dietary supplements (DS) to meeting nutrient recommendations among U.S. adults 19+ y, and compare usual mean intake distributions of FB alone and FB+DS to Dietary Reference Intakes [percent below the Estimated Average Requirement (%AI)].
METHODS
This cross-sectional study used food, beverage and DS intake data from NHANES 2003-2018 (n = 39,925) to determine usual mean intakes for 21 micronutrients. Changes in intakes from FB and from FB+DS, by sex, were compared in a time-trend analysis of 2-y cycles. Changes in mean intake as %AI were determined.
RESULTS
Over the time studied, U.S. adults underconsumed vitamins A, C, D, E, K; calcium; potassium; magnesium; and choline, even when DS intake was included. Sodium was overconsumed. In males, there were significant increases in percentage <EAR for thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin C, iron, copper and zinc for intakes from FB. When FB+DS were considered, there were significant increases in percentage <EAR for thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B-12, vitamin C, copper and zinc and significant decreases in percentage <EAR for vitamins D and E. In females, there were significant increases in percentage <EAR for vitamin C and zinc for intakes from FB and from FB+DS; significant…
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a cross-sectional, done in people. Its evidence level is 4 of 5 (Low · observational). Observational designs can show an association but not prove cause. Reported size: 39,925 participants or records.
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