Clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes of cadmium poisoning: a systematic review of case reports and case series
Abstract
Objective This paper synthesizes case reports and series to outline the clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of cadmium poisoning. It offers structured evidence to improve understanding, early diagnosis, and clinical management, aiding healthcare professionals in prevention and intervention. Methods The study protocol has been registered in the PROSOPERO system (CRD420251128280). We independently searched PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases using keywords including “cadmium poisoning,” “case report,” and “case series.” Only English-language case reports and series with confirmed or highly suspected cadmium poisoning were included, up to May 2025. Animal studies, reviews, and articles lacking individual patient data were excluded. Additional references were identified from the bibliographies of retrieved articles. Study quality was assessed using the JBI tool for case reports/series. Results Among the 12 included studies, there were a total of 17 patients. We found that cadmium poisoning primarily affects adult males and is often associated with occupational exposure. Common risk factors include smoking and alcohol consumption. The study also found that low iron stores exacerbate cadmium poisoning. Diagnosis relies on a combination of clinical diagnostic tests, blood and urine tests, chest X-rays, kidney ultrasounds, bone density measurements, and skeletal imaging. The treatment plan includes the use of chelating agents to reduce cadmium levels in the…
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a systematic review, done in people. Its evidence level is 1 of 5 (Highest · pooled evidence). Pooled evidence from several studies sits at the top of the evidence pyramid. Reported size: 17 participants or records.
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