Sleep in Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome: A Scoping Review
Abstract
Background and Objective: Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathy characterized by multiple seizure types, distinctive electroencephalography (EEG) abnormalities, and cognitive impairment. Sleep disturbances are highly prevalent in LGS and contribute substantially to reduced quality of life. However, no comprehensive analysis has yet been conducted to systematically examine key aspects of sleep-including architecture, microstructure, sleep-disordered breathing, and circadian regulation-leaving critical knowledge gaps. To address this, we conducted a scoping review to map the current evidence on sleep abnormalities in LGS and to identify priorities for future research. Method: A scoping review was conducted following PRISMA-ScR guidelines. PubMed, Embase, Ovid, and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to October 2025 for studies evaluating sleep parameters in individuals with LGS or mixed epilepsy cohorts with ≥50% LGS cases. Eligible designs included observational and interventional studies using polysomnography, video-EEG, actigraphy, or sleep questionnaires. Data were synthesized narratively due to heterogeneity, and methodological quality was assessed using relevant Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklists. Results: After screening 1242 articles, eleven studies met inclusion criteria, spanning 1986-2025 and conducted across four continents. Most were small single-center observational studies (5-16 LGS participants) using…
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