Wearable Sleep and Circadian Monitoring in Intensive Care Nursing: A Scoping Review
Abstract
Background: Sleep and circadian disruption are common in critical illness, yet bedside assessment remains difficult. Wearables are unobtrusive and extend observation across 24 h, but their measurement performance in critical illness requires appraisal.
Aims: To map wearable sleep and circadian monitoring during intensive care, its measurement performance, clinical applications and nursing implications.
Study design: A scoping review followed JBI and PRISMA-ScR guidance. PubMed, Europe PMC and OpenAlex were searched from inception to 22 July 2026, with citation searching. Eligible primary reports used a body-worn sensor during intensive care to estimate sleep or circadian/rest-activity outcomes at any age. Conventional polysomnography/electroencephalography without an eligible wearable, non-contact systems, staff studies and post-ICU-only monitoring were excluded. No risk-of-bias appraisal was undertaken.
Results: Sixty-one reports (43 adult; 18 paediatric/neonatal; 1996-2026) were included. Actigraphy dominated; commercial trackers, smartwatches and one respiratory-belt/heart-rate-variability system were less common. Monitoring was feasible, but performance varied by device, patient state and age group: wake specificity was often poor in ventilated, sedated or immobile patients and agreement with patient or nurse reports was weak to modest. Records showed fragmented and daytime sleep, weak day-night consolidation and attenuated circadian rhythmicity. Nursing bundles,…
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