Sleep Disorders in Children: A Narrative Review
Abstract
The recent literature on sleep disorders in children has primarily focused on prevalence data and on predictors/risk factors.Sleep disorders have typically been parent-reported or measured by actigraphy.The prevalence rates starting at 0-1 year of age have been highly variable, ranging from a low of 12% in New Zealand to a high of 72% in South India, a variability that may relate to different types of sleep data and/or cross-cultural variation as well as demographic differences.Negative effects of sleep disorders have included depression and academic performance problems.Predictors/risk factors have included parental sleep problems, parental overprotection, excessive screen time and comorbidities like ADHD.Only a couple interventions could be found in this recent literature on sleep in children including cognitive behavioral therapy and melatonin.Potential underlying mechanisms for sleep disorders in children include pre and perinatal melatonin deficits in the children's mothers and concordance in parent and child sleep patterns.Although the data highlight the severity of sleep problems in children, they have been primarily based on parent-report surveys that have yielded mixed results across samples.
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