Depression, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
Abstract
The risk of depression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is 1.5–2 times higher than in people without carbohydrate metabolism disorders. In addition, adults with prediabetes are more likely to have strokes and dementia, which indicates the onset of pathophysiological changes in the central nervous system even before clinical manifestation of T2DM. Several epidemiological studies have shown that adequate intake of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) or their increased serum levels correlate with a reduced risk of depression. In addition, a significant number of studies also indicate that the ratio of ω-3 PUFA to ω-6 PUFA intake is inversely related to the risk of developing depressive symptoms. The results of a meta-analysis of studies have demonstrated that ω-3 PUFAs contribute to the improvement of glycemic control and reduction of insulin resistance in patients with T2DM. Ω-3 PUFAs affect lipid composition, regulate membrane fluidity and membrane processes in cells, promote the formation of protein complexes in membranes and lipid domains, influence neurotransmitters and neuroendocrine exocytosis, and support microglia activity during phagocytosis. They can enhance antioxidant potential, generate anti-inflammatory metabolites, and regulate inflammatory signaling pathways. ω-3 PUFAs regulate signaling pathways, affect neurotransmitter systems, modulate gene expression, and are involved in the processes of proliferation, differentiation, growth,…
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