Porto-Pulmonary Hypertension and Hepato-Pulmonary Syndrome: Diagnostic Procedures and Therapeutic Management
Abstract
The common cause of porto-pulmonary hypertension and hepato-pulmonary syndrome is portal hypertension. Porto-pulmonary hypertension (PPHTN) is a form of pulmonary arterial hypertension, and hepato-pulmonary syndrome (HPS) occurs as a consequence of hepatic injury or vascular disorders. Demographic characteristics, pathophysiology, screening, differential diagnosis, and treatment of both disorders are treated in this review. Oxygen supply and other medical managements combined with vasodilator drugs are adopted for PPHTN and HPS treatment, but these two clinical conditions also represent an indication for liver transplantation. Despite poor evidence, PPHTN is treated as idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. The latter is combined with improved pulmonary hemodynamics permitting lung transplant. Lung transplant improves PPHTN in one-half of patients and has been associated with longer survival in selected patients. However, the risk of the latter procedure can be relevant as it is closely related to PPHTN severity. Large clinical trials and international guidelines may have a predominant role in increasing our knowledge of both PPHNT and HPS and in improving their outcome by favoring an early diagnosis and more accurate treatment.
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