Osteoporosis in the elderly--diagnosis and treatment
Abstract
In contrast to postmenopausal osteoporosis, the overriding objective in senior citizens older than 75 years is to avoid fractures of the hip, which are associated with a high mortality rate. Bone density measurement obtained at the neck of the femur using DXA provides reliable data on the risk of an individual patient of sustaining a fracture close to the hip joint. A physical examination can help to assess the patient's risk of falling, while diagnostic laboratory studies can help to exclude secondary osteoporosis. As a preventive measure, physical activity can increase bone density also in old age. Calcium and vitamin D improve muscular strength and coordination, and thus also may be helpful in preventing falls. In manifest osteoporosis, risedronate and alendronate reduce the risk of fractures close to the hip and of vertebrae by 50%. In addition, raloxifene can be employed to prevent vertebral fractures.
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