A review on urinary tract infection
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common infection that affects women at various stages of life, with women experiencing an 8:1 higher rate than males. By the age of 24, one person in three experienced once in their life symptomatic UTI requiring antibiotic treatment. Women make up the bulk of annual doctor visits and are especially vulnerable to UTIs.
Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, along with certain fungi, can be transmitted through urinary tract infections. Pathogenic Escherichia is the most frequent cause of both simple and complex UTIs. Other common causes include klebsiella pneumoniae, Eter coccus fecal is, group B Streptococcus, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida spp. A prevalent UTI pathogen in young women is S. saprophyticus. Fungal UTIs are also becoming more common, especially those brought on by Candida species and, to a lesser degree, Aspergillus species and Cryptococcus neoformans. Recurrent UTIs are defined as more than two symptomatic episodes in a six-month period or more than three symptomatic episodes in a 12-month period. The largest risk factor for recurrent UTIs in young women is the frequency of sexual activity. Risk factors include genetic, age-specific, pregnancy-related, behavioral, vulnerability, and urine catheterization variables. Urine culture, microscopic urinalysis, and dipstick urinalysis are the three primary tests used in laboratory analysis for UTIs. Clinicians can identify UTIs…
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