Study Microscopic Differences in Urine Samples between Males and Females with Urinary Tract Infection: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
Background: Urinalysis is an established diagnostic procedure, and multiple parameters may differ by biological characteristics and pre-analytical factors, including gender. The purpose was to detect gender differences in microscopic urinalysis observations using midpoint-based quantitative analysis. A cross-sectional comparative analysis of urine samples of men and women was performed. We performed standardized microscopic scoring and statistical comparison between sexes to evaluate red blood cells (RBC), pus cells (PUS), epithelial cells, crystals, mucus and bacterial presence. Women showed significantly higher RBC midpoint scores and bacterial detection rates compared to males. Female epithelial cell scores were also notably higher, which might be due to anatomical or sample collection–related effects. No gender differences existed in PUS, crystal or mucus scores. Gender has strong effect on particular urinalysis parameters, especially RBC counts, epithelial cells and bacterial findings. These results emphasize the relevance of gender considerations for interpreting routine urinalysis results to aid in diagnosis
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a cross-sectional, done in people. Its evidence level is 4 of 5 (Low · observational). Observational designs can show an association but not prove cause.
Read the paper
Related studies
- Association of lower urinary tract symptoms and OAB severity with quality of life and mental health in China, Taiwan and South Korea: results from a cross-sectional, population-based study
- Ten-Day Quadruple Therapy Comprising Low-Dose Rabeprazole, Bismuth, Amoxicillin, and Tetracycline Is an Effective and Safe First-Line Treatment for Helicobacter pylori Infection in a Population with High Antibiotic Resistance: a Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized, Parallel-Controlled Clinical Trial in China
- The Role of the NLR and PLR in Urinary Tract Infection
- Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance among Pilgrims with Infectious Diseases during Hajj: Lessons Learnt from COVID-19 Pandemic
- Leclercia adecarboxylata urinary tract infection in a patient with bladder cancer and recurrent hematuria
- A Case Series of Staphylococcus lugdunensis Infection in Cancer Patients at an Academic Cancer Institute in the United States
Go deeper in Evidence Hub
Evidence Hub adds a study data sheet (design, sample size, evidence level, key numbers), an AI summary and a chat grounded in the paper's text.