Evaluation of the Inhibitory Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Tilia cordata Against Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections
Abstract
The rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (MDR E. coli) in urinary tract infections (UTIs) has necessitated the search for alternative therapeutic agents derived from natural plants. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Tilia cordata (linden) against clinical isolates of antibiotic-resistant E. coli obtained from UTIs. A total of 30 clinical isolates were collected from urine samples of patients diagnosed with UTIs. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method against commonly used antibiotics including ampicillin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and imipenem. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of T. cordata aqueous and ethanolic extracts were determined using the broth microdilution method, while the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were assessed via subculturing on Mueller-Hinton agar. Phytochemical screening of both extracts was conducted using standard qualitative methods. Results revealed that 86.7% (26/30) of isolates were resistant to at least three antibiotic classes, classified as MDR. The ethanolic extract exhibited superior antibacterial activity compared to the aqueous extract, with MIC values ranging from 3.125 to 12.5 mg/mL, while the aqueous extract showed MICs between 6.25 and 25 mg/mL. The MBC/MIC ratio indicated a bactericidal effect for the ethanolic extract against 73% of tested isolates. Phytochemical analysis revealed the…
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