Comparison of ethanolic and ethyl acetate fractions of Iraqi Medicago sativa for the treatment of urinary tract infection
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs), predominantly caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), affect over 100 million people annually and are a leading cause of morbidity due to rising antibiotic resistance. Medicago sativa (alfalfa), a medicinal plant rich in phytochemicals, has shown antibacterial potential, yet its efficacy against UPEC in Iraq remains unexplored. This study investigates the antibacterial effects of M. sativa ethanolic and ethyl acetate fractions as potential alternatives to conventional antibiotics for UTI treatment. Methods. M. sativa was collected in Kirkuk, defatted with hexane, extracted with 85% ethanol, and fractionated into petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethanolic fractions. Phytochemical analyses, including Dragendorff’s, Mayer’s, and ррigh-performance liquid chromatography were performed. Urine samples from 85 UTI patients were cultured, yielding 30 UPEC isolates. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method, with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) determined via microplate serial dilution. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested using the Kirby-Bauer method against eight antibiotics. Data was analyzed using SPSS v26 (ANOVA, LSD). Results. Most participants (56.7%) were under 40 years old, with females more affected. The ethanolic fraction demonstrated superior antibacterial activity, with a mean inhibition zone of 21.96 ± 1.9 mm at 75 mg/ml (p=0.001), compared to 17.32 ± 1.5 mm for the ethyl…
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