Bacteriological Spectrum and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Urinary Tract Infections in Inpatients and Outpatients at Public and Private Hospitals in Erbil City
Abstract
Urinary tract infection is a prevalent bacterial infection affecting individuals of all ages, with Escherichia coli being the most common causative agent. Rising antimicrobial resistance poses a major challenge to empirical treatment, particularly in resource-limited settings. This study aimed to identify the most frequently isolated bacteria in urine samples from Erbil city and evaluate their antimicrobial susceptibility. A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2024 to March 2025, involving 501 patients clinically suspected of urinary tract infection. Midstream urine samples were collected and analyzed through general urine examination, culture, and antibiotic sensitivity testing using the Vitek-2 system. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected through structured questionnaires. Of 501 participants, 401 (80%) had positive urine cultures, with a significant female predominance (75.8%). Adults (18–64 years) constituted the majority (74.8%). Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated pathogen (193 cases, 48.1%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (32). Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 81.8% of all isolates. High resistance was observed to commonly used antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin, cephalosporins, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Nitrofurantoin and amikacin showed the highest sensitivity against most isolates, especially Escherichia coli. Fluoroquinolone resistance was notably high among Escherichia coli and…
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a cross-sectional, done in people. Its evidence level is 4 of 5 (Low · observational). Observational designs can show an association but not prove cause. Reported size: 501 participants or records.
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