Optimization, synergistic mechanisms, and environmental safety of low-carbon cementitious materials incorporating blast-furnace slag, electrolytic manganese residue, and tailings
Abstract
Abstract Purpose To reduce ordinary Portland cement (OPC) consumption and hazardous metallurgical waste hazards, a low-carbon cementitious binder incorporating granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), electrolytic manganese residue (EMR), and lead-zinc mine tailings (LZMT) was developed. Methods A D-optimal mixture design optimized the ternary skeleton. Strong alkali activation was combined with 10% OPC to mitigate the common-ion effect. Multiscale characterizations (XRD, FTIR, TG-DTG, SEM-EDS) and standardized leaching tests were conducted to elucidate hydration mechanisms and environmental safety. Results The optimized system (10% OPC) achieved a 28-day compressive strength of 43 MPa with setting times of 55/115 min. Alkali activation drove LZMT to release \(\:{\text{CO}}_{3}^{2-}\), forming early monocarbonate and hydrotalcite-like phases that reconstructed into a dense (N)C-(A)-S-H gel network. Leaching concentrations of \(\:{\text{Mn}}^{2+}\), \(\:{\text{NH}}_{4}^{+}\)-\(\:\text{N}\), and \(\:{\text{SO}}_{4}^{2-}\) strictly complied with Class III groundwater standards (GB/T 14848 − 2017). Conclusion The synergistic activation strategy enables high-value, environmentally safe utilization of multi-source solid wastes for sustainable mine backfilling.
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