Unveiling the Potential of Eggshell Nanoparticles in Toothpaste Formulation: A Physicochemical Approach
Abstract
Abstract Toothpaste commonly uses calcium carbonate as an abrasive; this study investigated eggshell-derived calcium carbonate nanoparticles (ENPs) as a sustainable formulation ingredient. Waste chicken eggshells were washed, thermally treated to generate a calcium oxide intermediate, dispersed and sonicated in water, and dried. The final recovered powder was identified as calcite-dominant CaCO₃ by XRD and FTIR and was characterised by XRF, SEM-EDS, FTIR and XRD. Fourteen toothpaste formulations varying ENP, peppermint-oil and clove-oil levels were generated using a response-surface/central-composite design structure, and inhibition-zone diameter against Streptococcus spp. was used as the response. Analysis of the 14 experimental runs gave a significant quadratic model (F = 20.45, p = 0.0053; R² = 0.9787; adjusted R² = 0.9309; predicted R² = 0.7413), with a negative ENP main effect and a positive ENP × peppermint-oil interaction. F12 showed the largest observed inhibition zone (22 mm). Scale-bar-calibrated analysis of the representative SEM micrograph produced apparent particle/agglomerate diameters of 29.7–268.9 nm (median 67.6 nm; mean 88.7 ± 64.8 nm), whereas the XRD Scherrer crystallite size was ~ 20 nm, indicating nanoscale crystallites within larger agglomerated structures. F12 had pH 8.2 ± 0.1, moisture 2.5 ± 0.3% and solubility 28.4 ± 1.2%, with Day-14 overall acceptance of 90% in the descriptive sensory assessment. The findings support formulation feasibility.…
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