Structural evaluation and dielectric behavior of Nb and Nd-doped BaTiO 3 synthesized via mechanical alloying
Abstract
Abstract In this study, barium titanate (BT) with the perovskite structure BaTiO 3 was synthesized via mechanical alloying using TiO 2 , BaCO 3 , and BaO 2 powders. Commercial barium titanate (CBT) was also employed to investigate and compare the effects of niobium (Nb) and neodymium (Nd) doping. Characterization of the synthesized powder was conducted using XRD, simultaneous thermal analysis (DTA/TGA), BET surface area analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and Zetasizer analysis. The electrical properties of the samples were evaluated by determining their dielectric constant and dielectric loss. Zetasizer analysis, SEM images, and crystallite size calculations based on XRD patterns revealed that the particle size of the synthesized barium titanate (SBT) was in the 35 ± 5 nm range, with an average crystallite size of approximately 33 nm, showing good agreement with SEM observations. Dielectric measurements indicated that the 0.3 wt% Nb-doped SBT (S-0.3Nb) exhibited the highest dielectric constant among the Nb-doped variants, while the 0.4 wt% Nd-doped SBT (S-0.4Nd) showed the highest value among the Nd-doped samples. For the CBT samples, the highest dielectric constant was observed in the 0.2 wt% Nb-doped CBT (C-0.2Nb) and 0.3 wt% Nd-doped CBT (C-0.3Nd), suggesting these concentrations as optimal for maximizing dielectric performance. The dielectric constant of the SBT…
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