Cardiovascular Benefit of Empagliflozin Across the Spectrum of Cardiovascular Risk Factor Control in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME Trial
Abstract
CONTEXT: Control of multiple cardiovascular (CV) risk factors reduces CV events in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate this association in a contemporary clinical trial population, including how CV risk factor control affects the CV benefits of empagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor.
DESIGN: Post hoc analysis.
SETTING: Randomized CV outcome trial (EMPA-REG OUTCOME).
PARTICIPANTS: Type 2 diabetes patients with established CV disease.
INTERVENTION: Empagliflozin or placebo.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Risk of CV outcomes-including the treatment effect of empagliflozin-by achieving 7 goals for CV risk factor control at baseline: (1) glycated hemoglobin <7.5%, (2) low-density lipoprotein cholesterol <100 mg/dL or statin use, (3) systolic blood pressure <140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure <90 mmHg, (4) pharmacological renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade, (5) normoalbuminuria, (6) aspirin use, (7) nonsmoking.
RESULTS: In the placebo group, the hazard ratio (HR) for CV death was 4.00 (95% CI, 2.26-7.11) and 2.48 (95% CI, 1.52-4.06) for patients achieving only 0-3 or 4-5 risk factor goals at baseline, respectively, compared with those achieving 6-7 goals. Participants achieving 0-3 or 4-5 goals also had increased risk for the composite outcome of hospitalization for heart failure or CV death (excluding fatal stroke) (HR 2.89 [1.82-4.57] and 1.90 [1.31-2.78], respectively) and 3-point major adverse CV events (HR 2.21 [1.53-3.19] and…
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a randomized trial, done in people. Its evidence level is 2 of 5 (High · randomized trial). Randomized trials of a reasonable size are the strongest single-study design.
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