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Loneliness and social isolation at the emergency department: a scoping review protocol

Chan WL, Gao Z, Chuxi AL, Rainer T, Tang WWC, Wing YSS, Lederman Z

BMJ open, 2026

Abstract

Introduction: Loneliness and social isolation are critical public health issues linked to significant adverse health outcomes and increased healthcare utilisation, including visits to the emergency department (ED). The ED often serves as a primary societal safety net, providing care for vulnerable populations who may be disproportionately affected by these conditions. In fact, loneliness and social isolation might be the underlying reasons they presented to the ED in the first place either consciously or not. For such individuals, the ED encounter may represent a rare point of human contact, yet the stressful and depersonalising nature of the ED environment may paradoxically exacerbate their sense of isolation. Furthermore, ED staff may lack the training and awareness of the scope of the problem to properly screen for loneliness and address it. Yet, the compounded impact of the ED experience on lonely or socially isolated patients and the relationship between loneliness and healthcare utilisation remains poorly understood. This paper presents a protocol for a scoping review designed to systematically map the existing evidence on the experiences of these patients and the perspectives of the clinicians who care for them.

Methods and analysis: This scoping review will be conducted following the Arksey and O'Malley methodological framework in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). The…

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