Plasma derived ceramic-metal hybrid PEO coatings with embedded bismuth phases for multifunctional magnesium surfaces
Abstract
Engineering hybrid surface architectures that couple corrosion resistance with biological functionality is critical for extending the performance envelope of biodegradable magnesium-based systems. In this study, a plasma-derived ceramic-metal hybrid coating was engineered on a multicomponent magnesium alloy using plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) with controlled incorporation of bismuth species. Sodium bismuthate (1 and 5 g/L) was introduced into a phosphate-alkaline electrolyte, enabling plasma-assisted in situ formation of a multiphase composite coating comprising a MgO/Mg3(PO4)2 ceramic matrix embedded with metallic Bi and Bi2O3 phases. X-ray diffraction confirmed the evolution of phase assemblage with increasing bismuth content, while SEM-EDS analyses revealed a refined hybrid microstructure characterized by uniformly distributed Bi-containing domains and partial sealing of discharge channels. This composite architecture resulted in enhanced surface hydrophilicity and modified electrolyte transport pathways. As a consequence, the Bi-rich hybrid coating exhibited a substantial reduction in corrosion rate from 1.52 mm/year for the Bi-free PEO coating to 0.56 mm/year, accompanied by moderated alkalization during 28 days of immersion in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium. Beyond electrochemical stabilization, the hybrid coating demonstrated multifunctional surface responses. Extract-based in vitro studies using MG63 osteoblast-like cells showed improved cytocompatibility,…
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