Distribution and Chemical Nature of Al 2 O 3 Residues Following the Sandblasting Process: An In Vitro Study Using SEM, EDS, and Cytotoxicity Analysis
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Osseointegration is a fundamental requirement for the long-term success of dental implants. Several implant systems have demonstrated excellent clinical outcomes over time, confirming their high reliability in the treatment of edentulism, even in patients with chronic disease. The success of these devices is closely linked to the characteristics of the implant surface, which directly influence the biological response of the surrounding bone. OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this study was to investigate the presence of foreign material on the surface of dental implants following aluminum oxide sandblasting and subsequent surface treatment procedures. This analysis was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to characterize the surface morphology and elemental composition. The secondary objective was to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of the implant surface through in vitro assays, in accordance with ISO 10993-5:2009, to assess its biocompatibility and suitability for clinical application. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty threaded screw-shaped sandblasted Grade 5 titanium dental implants Dental Implant Advance 4.2 × 11.5 mm (Kinetical Implant, Buenos Aires, Argentina) for SEM combined with EDS, in order to identify the presence of possible organic contaminants or residues of the surface treatment process. Another 20 dental implant samples of the same type (4.2 × 11.5 mm) were used for the cytotoxicity…
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