Copaiba (Copaifera spp.) Oleoresin – composed Biopolymeric Sponges Loading [Ag(NA)2]NO3·H2O Complex for Wound Dressing: Production, Physicochemical Characterization, In Silico Pharmacokinetics and Molecular Docking
Abstract
Hybrid biopolymeric sponges based on sodium alginate (SA) and bovine gelatin (BG) (1:3, w/w), incorporating copaiba oleoresin (1–3%, w/w) and the [Ag(NA)2]NO3·H2O complex (5%, w/w), were developed and evaluated as candidate wound dressing materials. Three-dimensional porous sponges were produced by lyophilization. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed predominantly amorphous structures with discrete crystalline domains attributed to the metallic complex, whose intensity increased with higher copaiba content. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy confirmed the presence of characteristic functional groups, suggesting physical interactions between polymeric matrix, copaiba, and Ag(I). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that increasing copaiba concentrations promoted denser and rougher features, while energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the homogeneous distribution of Ag within the SA/BG matrix. Mechanical analysis confirmed that the sponges’ hardness is modulated by copaiba and metallic complex ratio. Ag-containing sponge without copaiba exhibited the highest degree of water uptake, whereas increasing copaiba concentrations progressively reduced swelling due to enhanced hydrophobicity and structural compaction. In vitro release assays showed a burst release of the metallic complex from the sponges, providing early antimicrobial availability, whereas copaiba oleoresin exhibited a controlled release profile. Both copaiba oleoresin and the metallic…
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