Vitamin D supplementation and lower urinary tract symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Abstract
Background: Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are highly prevalent and impact quality of life. While vitamin D insufficiency is a major public health concern. This study systematically investigated the relationship between serum vitamin D levels and LUTS, and the effects of supplementation on outcomes.
Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies from Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library up to September 2025. Pooled Weighted mean difference (WMD) and Odds Ratios (ORs), along with their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using the random-effects model. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to examine the robustness of the results.
Results: A total of 48 studies (221,735 participants) were included. Vitamin D levels were significantly lower in individuals with LUTS than in controls (WMD: −3.15, 95% CI: −4.65, −1.66). Low vitamin D levels were associated with a 67% increased risk of LUTS (95% CI: 1.31, 2.12). Subgroup analyses confirmed these associations among men and children but not among women. Vitamin D supplementation significantly promoted LUTS remission, particularly among individuals with low baseline serum vitamin D concentrations (OR: 9.02, 95% CI: 2.94, 27.62), but did not reduce LUTS incidence in the general population (OR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.91, 1.05).
Conclusions: Serum vitamin D levels are significantly associated with LUTS, particularly among men and children. Vitamin D supplementation may alleviate LUTS symptoms…
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a meta-analysis, done in people. Its evidence level is 1 of 5 (Highest · pooled evidence). Pooled evidence from several studies sits at the top of the evidence pyramid. Reported size: 221,735 participants or records.
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