Epidemiological profiles of norovirus genotypes in children with and without acute gastroenteritis from the northwestern Amazon region
Abstract
Noroviruses causes acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide, with children living in low-income areas aged ≤5 years being the most vulnerable. Histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) are recognized as attachment factors for human noroviruses and susceptibility of a given genotype is frequently dependent on the secretor phenotype mediated by FUT2 genotype. This retrospective study involved 734 children aged ≤5 years with AGE (cases group; 66 %, 485/734) or non-AGE (control group; 34 %, 249/734), from the Amazon rainforest (Brazil, Venezuela, and Guyana) and in our previous studies, 87 % of children were positive secretors (641/734). A total of 40.2 % (88/219; GII) and 14.6 % (7/48; GI) of noroviruses were successfully genotyped, being: GII.1 (n = 5), GII.2 (n = 25), GII.4 (n = 32), GII.6 (n = 19), GII.7 (n = 5), GII.14 (n = 2), GI.2 (n = 1), GI.3 (n = 4) and GI.7 (n = 2). Most genotyped GII norovirus including all 32 GII.4, were detected in secretor-positive children (94.3 %, 83/88). Only genotypes GII.2 (n = 2), GII.6 (n = 3), GI.2 (n = 1) and GI.7 (n = 1) were detected in secretor-negative children. Of note, the predominant GII.4 and the GII.6 were not significantly associated with AGE (OR 1.1; 95 % CI 0.5 to 2.4, P = 0.7 and OR 1.4; 95 % CI 0.5 to 4.0, P = 0.4, respectively), in contrast to GII.2 was associated with AGE (OR 6.1; 95 % CI 1.4 to 26.2, P = 0.01). Genotypes GII.2, and GII.4 were detected in all age groups at high frequencies. In conclusion a great diversity of…
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