A Working Model of How Noroviruses Infect the Intestine
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) cause a majority of gastroenteritis outbreaks across the globe and are the leading cause of severe childhood diarrhea and foodborne disease outbreaks in the United States [1,2]. In impoverished countries, they are estimated to cause over one million clinic visits and 200,000 deaths in young children annually [3]. However, the mechanisms used by noroviruses (NoVs) to infect the intestinal tract and cause disease are not well understood, primarily due to the paucity of cell culture and animal model systems. Recent major advances in developing such models now leave the field poised to tackle these critical questions. The goal of this opinion article is to propose a working model of early steps involved in intestinal infection by NoVs. In this model, NoVs bind carbohydrates on the surface of specific members of the intestinal microbiota and/or enterocytes and are then transcytosed across the intestinal epithelial barrier to gain access to their target immune cells. Evidence supporting each step of this model will be discussed. We also include a brief discussion of how NoVs cause disease as it relates to our model.
NoVs Are Transcytosed Across Enterocytes in the Absence of Viral Replication
HuNoV and murine NoVs (MuNoV) are transcytosed across intestinal epithelial cells in vitro [4,5], although they have not been shown to productively infect these cells in immunocompetent hosts (reviewed in [6]). Transcytosis of MuNoV across polarized murine intestinal…
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a review, done in animal and cell cultures (in vitro), not in people. Its evidence level is 5 of 5 (Very low · case / narrative / animal / in vitro / in silico). Case reports, narrative reviews, and animal, cell or computer-model studies give the weakest evidence for human health.
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