Combination of Selpercatinib and Trametinib Overcomes Resistance to RET Inhibitors in RET-Mutant Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Abstract
PURPOSE Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is often driven by activating mutations in the RET receptor tyrosine kinase. Multikinase and selective inhibitors targeting RET are highly effective for RET-mutant MTC, but acquired resistance is commonly observed, limiting clinical efficacy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a comprehensive genomic and pharmacological analysis of acquired resistance in a previously described in vitro model of RET-mutant MTC generated from long-term treatment with the RET inhibitor vandetanib. Molecular studies using spectral karyotyping, multiplex interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization, whole-exome sequencing, and RNA sequencing revealed several mechanisms of acquired resistance. Whole-genome CRISPR knockout screening was performed to identify potential genes mediating intrinsic resistance. High-throughput drug screening was used to identify additional therapeutic targets. The combination of RET and MEK inhibitors was evaluated in preclinical animal models. RESULTS Genomic profiling revealed that resistant MTC cells acquired RET copy-number gain and the clinically observed secondary RET mutation p.G810S. Whole-genome CRISPR knockout screening on MTC cells treated with two different RET inhibitors highlighted that NF1 deletion and subsequent RAS/MAPK activation were sufficient to establish resistance to RET inhibition. High-throughput drug screening also indicated that MTC cells are sensitive to RAS/MAPK inhibition, particularly in…
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