Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Clinical Management and Nursing Care in Obstetric Practice-An Updated Review
Abstract
Background: Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is the most severe form of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy, marked by persistent vomiting, dehydration, weight loss exceeding 5% of prepregnancy weight, and significant metabolic disturbances. Unlike typical nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, HG follows a pathological course, often requiring hospitalization and posing risks of nutritional deficiencies, electrolyte imbalance, and complications such as Wernicke encephalopathy. Aim: This review aims to provide an updated, comprehensive overview of the etiology, clinical features, evaluation, and management of hyperemesis gravidarum, with emphasis on evidence-based medical and nursing practices. Methods: A narrative synthesis of current literature, clinical guidelines, and recent research was used to examine key aspects of HG, including hormonal, genetic, physiological, and psychosocial determinants, as well as clinical assessment tools, treatment strategies, and multidisciplinary care considerations. Results: Evidence indicates that HG is multifactorial, involving hormonal changes, genetic susceptibility, gastrointestinal adaptations, and neuroendocrine mechanisms. Diagnosis remains clinical and requires exclusion of other conditions. Effective management relies on a stepwise approach, starting with dietary and lifestyle modifications, progressing to antiemetic therapy, and escalating to enteral or parenteral nutrition when necessary. Psychological effects are significant, with increased…
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