CYP3A-Mediated Metabolism of Zastaprazan in Humans and Associated Drug-Drug Interactions
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Zastaprazan (JP-1366) is a novel potassium-competitive acid blocker (P-CAB) used for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). To date, its metabolic pathways and metabolism-related drug-drug interactions (DDIs) in humans remain incompletely elucidated. This study aimed to determine the relative contributions (fm) of cytochrome P450 isoforms to JP-1366 elimination and assess its DDI potential. Methods/Results: In vitro metabolic studies using human liver microsomes (HLMs) revealed that JP-1366 was first metabolized to M1, which subsequently underwent further oxidation, glucuronidation, and N-dealkylation. Mono-oxidation was estimated to contribute more than 46% to the overall metabolic clearance of JP-1366. Reaction phenotyping identified CYP3A as the major enzyme (fm = 96.1%), followed by CYP1A2 (1.49%) and CYP2C9 (2.41%). By integrating in vitro data, clinical pharmacokinetic data and clarithromycin coadministration DDI data, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed and validated. Simulations predicted significant DDIs with strong CYP3A inhibitor (ketoconazole), with AUC ratios of 3.80. Moderate inhibitors (fluconazole and fluvoxamine) caused mild increases (AUC ratios: 1.14-1.74). Conversely, strong and moderate CYP3A inducers, rifampicin and efavirenz, produced pronounced DDIs, with AUC ratios of 0.22 and 0.50, respectively. Furthermore, simulations predicted that although JP-1366 functions as a CYP enzyme…
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