Plant-derived Natural Products in Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Mechanisms of Action and Synergistic Roles with Probiotics
Abstract
Plant-derived natural products have emerged as promising therapeutic agents for neurological and psychiatric disorders due to their diverse bioactive compounds and multi-target mechanisms of action. This review provides a mechanistic overview of medicinal plants and probiotics in modulating key pathological processes underlying disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder, and major depressive disorder. A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases to identify relevant studies examining the neuroprotective, metabolic, and anti-inflammatory effects of plant-derived compounds, probiotics, and SGLT2 inhibitors. The findings highlight shared mechanisms, including attenuation of oxidative stress, suppression of neuroinflammation, modulation of mitochondrial function, and regulation of the gut-brain axis. Bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids demonstrate significant potential in improving neuronal survival and synaptic plasticity. Probiotics further contribute through microbiota-mediated regulation of neurotransmitters and immune responses. SGLT2 inhibitors are discussed as a comparative pharmacological model exhibiting overlapping mechanisms. Collectively, these integrative approaches provide a mechanistic framework for understanding how plant-derived compounds, probiotics, and metabolically active pharmacological models may influence shared pathways involved…
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