Efficacy of shear strain gradients as an osteogenic stimulus
Abstract
The question of which mechanical variables are responsible for inducing osteogenic activity is unresolved despite extensive experimental and theoretical investigation. Candidate variables include strain magnitude, loading frequency, the interaction of magnitude and frequency (strain rate), and strain gradients. An additional challenge is discerning the coordination of periosteal and endosteal expansion during growth, and whether this coordination (or lack thereof) is fully dependent or partially independent of the local mechanical environment. In this study, under the assumption that calculated stresses correspond to relative strain magnitudes, we specify alternative growth algorithms of bone cross-sectional size and geometry to explore skeletal growth under alternative scenarios of osteogenic activity that are tracking 1) an attractor stress, 2) local stress magnitude or 3) steepness of stress gradients. These developmental simulations are initiated from two initial geometries (symmetrical and asymmetrical ellipses) under a time-varying torsional load whose magnitude is proportional to body size growth in a model primate. In addition, we model endosteal expansion under three conditions hypothesized in the literature, in which endosteal expansion is 1) independent of the mechanical milieu, 2) completely dependent on the mechanical milieu, and 3) a "hybrid" model in which intrinsic biological (independent) growth is operative early but gives way to mechanically-sensitive…
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