Advancements in osteoblast sourcing, isolation, and characterization for dental tissue regeneration: a review
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Primary osteoblasts are essential for bone formation and regeneration, making them pivotal in dental applications, including periodontal regeneration, ridge augmentation, and implant osseointegration. Sourced from various tissues like alveolar bone, calvarial bone, mandibular and maxillary bones, long bones, and bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs), each type of osteoblast presents unique advantages and limitations related to yield, accessibility, and clinical relevance. Given these variables, selecting an appropriate source is crucial for experimental consistency and translational application in dentistry. METHODS: This review synthesizes data from in vitro, animal, and clinical studies to provide a comprehensive overview of osteoblast sourcing, isolation, and characterization in dental research. Sources were reviewed based on yield, anatomical relevance, and accessibility, while isolation methods were compared to assess their impact on cell behavior and phenotype retention. The review evaluates methods such as enzymatic digestion, explant culture, and differentiation of BMSCs, alongside characterization techniques like morphological analysis, gene expression profiling, and mineralization assays. RESULTS: The analysis shows that alveolar bone-derived osteoblasts offer high clinical relevance due to their anatomical similarity to oral structures but are limited by low yield and invasive collection. Calvarial and long bone osteoblasts provide higher yields,…
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