From bone regeneration to three-dimensional in vitro models: tissue engineering of organized bone extracellular matrix
Abstract
Traditionally, bone tissue engineering has been used for creating implants for bone regeneration, but recently, it is increasingly applied to create three-dimensional (3D) in vitro bone models to study bone physiology and pathology. For 3D in vitro bone models, the engineered extracellular matrix organization should resemble the in vivo physiological bone structure because this is often the hallmark in skeletal pathologies — an issue that has not been solved yet. In this review article, we define the extracellular matrix requirements for an optimal 3D in vitro model based on the most recent advances on bone structure. To meet these requirements, osteoclasts, osteocytes, and mature osteoblasts should work together under physiological conditions, and the formed extracellular matrix should be analyzed and optimized at multiple length scales.
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a review, done in cell cultures (in vitro), not in people. Its evidence level is 5 of 5 (Very low · case / narrative / animal / in vitro / in silico). Case reports, narrative reviews, and animal, cell or computer-model studies give the weakest evidence for human health.
Read the paper
Related studies
- Irisin Enhances Osteoblast DifferentiationIn Vitro
- Glucocorticoids suppress Wnt16 expression in osteoblasts in vitro and in vivo
- Interaction between Schwann Cells and Osteoblasts In Vitro
- Administration of cinnamaldehyde promotes osteogenesis in ovariectomized rats and differentiation of osteoblast in vitro
- The Effect of the Major Components of Fructus Cnidii on Osteoblasts In Vitro
- Estrogen depletion alters osteogenic differentiation and matrix production by osteoblasts in vitro
Go deeper in Evidence Hub
Evidence Hub adds a study data sheet (design, sample size, evidence level, key numbers), an AI summary and a chat grounded in the paper's text.