Higher testosterone level is associated with improved cognitive functions in Klinefelter syndrome
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is a common sex chromosome aneuploidy affecting one to two per 1000 live male births. Testosterone therapy and neuropsychological support can enhance the quality of life in affected individuals. While cognitive deficits have been documented in Klinefelter syndrome, the influence of hormonal variability on cognitive profiles remains underexplored. This study aimed to determine whether testosterone levels correlate with neurocognitive functions in Klinefelter syndrome individuals. This cross-sectional study involved a heterogeneous clinical sample from a single tertiary referral hospital. Participants: Thirty Klinefelter syndrome individuals were enrolled, being 21 with 47, XXY without neurological comorbidities, aged 17-65 years. Participants underwent blood tests for total testosterone, free testosterone, estradiol, sex-hormone-binding globulin, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and anti-Müllerian hormone. A comprehensive neuropsychological assessment was also conducted, covering intellectual quotient (Wechsler Scale) and higher-order cognitive functions (attention, executive functions, language, memory, and visuoconstructional abilities). Neuropsychological performance was notably better in Klinefelter syndrome individuals with higher levels of testosterone. Spearman's test revealed significant correlations between total testosterone, free testosterone, and gonadal status measured by free testosterone/luteinizing hormone and free…
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a cross-sectional, done in people. Its evidence level is 4 of 5 (Low · observational). Observational designs can show an association but not prove cause.
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