Effects of ticagrelor, empagliflozin and tamoxifen against experimentally-induced vascular reactivity defects in rats in vivo and in vitro
Abstract
Background In the current investigation, the effects of the P2Y12 blocker ticagrelor, the sodium/glucose transporter-2-inhibitor empagliflozin, and the selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen were examined against rheumatoid arthritis (RA)/diabetes mellitus (DM)-co-morbidity-induced defects in vascular reactivity. Methods After model setting, rats were allocated into a normal control, an RA/DM-co-morbidity, and three treatment groups receiving ticagrelor, empagliflozin and tamoxifen. Aorta tissue was isolated for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blot estimation of the pro-inflammatory molecules angiotensin-II (Ang-II) and endothelin-1 (ET-1), the adhesion molecules P-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), the energy preserving molecule adenosine-5’-mono-phosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and the anti-inflammatory molecule vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Estimations of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and matrix metalloproteinase (MlVIP)-2 were performed immunohistochemically, together with histopathological examination using hematoxylin and eosin and Masson trichrome staining. An in vitro study on rat aortic strips was conducted to assess aorta vasorelaxation. Results Ticagrelor, empagliflozin and tamoxifen significantly increased aorta tissue AMPK and eNOS and decreased Ang-II, ET-1, P-selectin, VCAM-1 and VIP levels compared with RA/DM-co-morbidity, coupled with improved acetylcholine vasorelaxation in…
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