Analysis of plasma proteomic differences in the effects of empagliflozin on patients with diabetic nephropathy
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Empagliflozin can effectively improve the renal function of diabetics, while its mechanism has still remained elusive. In this study, the differentially expressed proteins in plasma exosomes of patients with diabetic nephropathy before and after treatment with empagliflozin were analyzed by proteomics, and the possible mechanism of empagliflozin in improving diabetic nephropathy was explored. METHODS Bioinformatics analysis of differentially expressed proteins in serum exosomes of 7 patients before and after using empagliflozin was performed using the 4D label-free quantitative proteomics. RESULTS Electron microscopy, negative staining, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and Western blotting confirmed that the isolated exosomes had high purity, and 3110 proteins were totally identified by mass spectrometry. Compared with before treatment, there were 35 upregulated differentially expressed proteins and 78 downregulated differentially expressed proteins after treatment with empagliflozin. The results of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses revealed that these differentially expressed proteins were mainly involved in important biological processes, such as blood coagulation, complement activation, protein polymerization, fibrin clot formation, and acute phase reaction. CONCLUSION Before and after treatment with empagliflozin, there were certain differences in levels of differentially expressed proteins in…
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