Diabetes and Antidiabetic Drugs
Abstract
This chapter is a comprehensive account of diabetes and the medicinal chemistry of antidiabetic drugs. It provides the mechanism of disease progression and drug action and detailed structure-activity relationships (SAR) of antidiabetic drugs to give the knowledge base for pharmacists. After studying this chapter, students will be able to: • Discuss the epidemiology and etiology of diabetes. • Describe the clinical features of diabetes and differentiate between type I and type II diabetes. • Discuss various risk factors and corresponding mechanisms responsible for the development of diabetes. • Review biosynthesis of insulin, its metabolic outcomes, regulation of insulin secretion, and insulin signaling. • Explain in detail the pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible for the clinical features of diabetes. • Evaluate the clinical role of natural human insulin and commercially available other insulin products and discuss its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, motor complications, drug interactions, contraindications, and precautions. • Discuss the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, motor complications, drug interactions, contraindications, and precautions for each class of antidiabetic drugs listed below. o Sulfonylureas: tolbutamide (Orinase® ), tolazamide (Tolinase® ), chlorpropamide (Diabinese® ), and acetohexamide (Dymelor® ), glyburide (Diabeta® ), glipizide (Glucotrol® ), and glimepiride (Amaryl® ). o Meglitinides: repaglinide…
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