Goldenhar Syndrome-Embryological, Anatomical, Etiopathogenic Mechanisms and Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Abstract
Goldenhar syndrome is a developmental defect of the 1st and 2nd brachial arches. Facial asymmetry and ear-eye abnormalities are observed. Frequent presence of concomitant issues, including severe OSA (obstructive sleep apnea) and sialorrhea, have also been recorded. The presentation of Goldenhar syndrome is highly variable, and treatment procedures also differ, with surgical treatment often being mandatory. Common symptoms of OSA include loud snoring, gasping, and morning headaches. If untreated, it may lead to high blood pressure, hyperinsulinemia, heart problems, stroke, and daytime sleepiness. Its etiology in Goldenhar syndrome is primarily anatomical and multifactorial. The most common treatment options are based on surgical procedures. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) could be considered for use in individuals with Goldenhar syndrome. Mandibular advancement is a standard procedure for relieving the symptoms of OSA. In general, mandibular advancement would reduce apnea and hypopnea. Another method of managing OSA is hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HNS). Adenotonsillectomy is often the first-line surgical treatment for OSA but it is rarely curative in Goldenhar patients due to underlying skeletal issues. In contrast to American Academy of Sleep Science recommendations of managing OSA, in patients with congenital syndromes, surgical intervention seems to be the most optimal method of treatment.
Read the paper
Related studies
- A Coupled SYSTEM of Intracellular Ca 2+ Clocks and Surface Membrane Voltage Clocks Controls the Timekeeping Mechanism of the Heart’s Pacemaker
- A Comprehensive Review on the Therapeutic Potential of Curcuma longa Linn. in Relation to its Major Active Constituent Curcumin
- Cancer epigenetics: Moving forward
- Current developments in LC-MS for pharmaceutical analysis
- Myricetin: A comprehensive review on its biological potentials
- A Computational Systems Biology Software Platform for Multiscale Modeling and Simulation: Integrating Whole-Body Physiology, Disease Biology, and Molecular Reaction Networks
Go deeper in Evidence Hub
Evidence Hub adds a study data sheet (design, sample size, evidence level, key numbers), an AI summary and a chat grounded in the paper's text.