Spatial Chromatin Organization Across the Cell Cycle: Insights from Auxin-Inducible Protein Depletion
Abstract
Many cellular processes, including gene expression regulation, DNA replication and repair, as well as proper condensation and segregation of chromosomes, require highly coordinated remodeling of chromatin. Cohesin and condensins, the structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) protein complexes that function as ATP-powered loop extrusion motors, are key determinants of chromatin structure. The genetic loss of their function is lethal, whereas inducible degradation approaches enable rapid, robust analysis of the depletion phenotype. In this review, we discuss new insights into chromatin folding through each cell cycle phase from the auxin-inducible degradation (AID) system. We review the mechanisms by which condensins and cohesins contribute to the helical organization of mitotic chromosomes and to the maintenance of chromosome territories in interphase. Additionally, we discuss studies examining the roles of TOP2A, KIF4A, and SRBD during mitosis using the AID system. We then outline emerging principles of the mitotic-to-interphase transition and how targeted degradation of chromatin proteins reshapes this process. Finally, we highlight and discuss new advances in understanding interphase chromatin organization revealed by AID-based studies.
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