Rediscovering the chemistry of the Cunninghamella species: potential fungi for metabolites and enzymes of biological, industrial, and environmental values
Abstract
Endophytic fungi have a strong affinity for producing the same or comparable compounds to those produced by their hosts. Herein, genetic diversity and environmental adaptation of the Cunninghamella species were briefly investigated. The genetic flexibility in Cunninghamella represents an evolutionary mechanism that allows them to respond effectively to environmental changes. The current review paid much attention toward the phytochemical screening of Cunninghamella sp., revealing the presence of alkaloids, unsaturated sterols, fatty acids, polyphenols, and quinones. The intensive investigations clarified that Cunninghamella sp. are distinguished in producing several numbers of fatty acids, in particular polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), in large quantities compared to other metabolites. The study demonstrated the effective role of Cunninghamella sp. in forming several bioactive metabolites owing to cytochrome P450 (CYP) that confirm significant value of such species for potential media biotransformation. The comparative investigations revealed that the isolation of flavonoids is yet to be reported, while the number of elucidated alkaloids and steroids is still limited. In contrast, successful results in the biotransformation of these metabolites were verified and showed a high affinity to convert simple substances to more valuable agents by Cunninghamella. The biomedical applications of naturally occurring compounds isolated from Cunninghamella were well documented; these…
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