The Impact of Diabetes on Breast Cancer Development in Women: An Integrative Review
Abstract
Introduction: Increasing epidemiological evidence suggests that diabetes is associated with a modest but significant elevation in breast cancer risk, as well as poorer clinical outcomes following diagnosis. This integrative review critically synthesizes current epidemiological, biological and clinical evidence to elucidate the role of diabetes in breast cancer development and progression among women.
Methods: We conducted a structured literature search (2010-2025) to identify original studies examining the relationship between diabetes and breast cancer risk and outcomes. English-language human studies were included. Titles, abstracts and full texts were screened against predefined criteria, and relevant data were extracted and synthesized narratively.
Results: Studies indicate that women with diabetes experience an increased incidence of breast cancer, with stronger associations observed in postmenopausal populations, and partial attenuation of risk following adjustment for obesity, highlighting both shared and independent metabolic contributions. Mechanistically, chronic hyperinsulinemia, altered insulin-like growth factor signalling, low-grade systemic inflammation, oxidative stress and oestrogen-metabolic crosstalk are frequently proposed as biologically plausible pathways through which diabetes may influence breast carcinogenesis, particularly in hormone-receptor-positive tumours. Clinically, diabetes has been linked to delayed diagnosis, increased treatment-related…
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